Enzyme assay 방법

Given the scale of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the need for reliable, scalable testing, and the likelihood of reagent shortages, especially in resource-poor settings, we have developed an RT-qPCR assay that relies on an alternative to conventional viral reverse transcriptases, a thermostable reverse transcriptase/DNA polymerase (RTX) (Ellefson et al., 2016). Here we show that RTX performs comparably to the other assays sanctioned by the CDC and validated in kit format. We demonstrate two modes of RTX use – (i) dye-based RT-qPCR assays that require only RTX polymerase, and (ii) TaqMan RT-qPCR assays that use a combination of RTX and Taq DNA polymerases (as the RTX exonuclease does not degrade a TaqMan probe). We also provide straightforward recipes for the purification of this alternative reagent RTX. We anticipate that in low resource or point-of-need settings researchers could obtain the available constructs and begin to develop their own assays, within whatever regulatory framework exists for them.

While various virus detection methods have been implemented for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including a variety of molecular diagnostics and immunodiagnostic tests, the Reverse Transcriptase quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) remains the primary and most sensitive test for SARS-CoV-2 detection (D'Cruz et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2020). The primacy of RT-qPCR is in large measure because antibody-based tests as well as rapid nucleic acid diagnostic platforms, such as Abbott IDNow, often suffer from poor sensitivity, especially during early infection when viral loads are generally low in patients (Basu et al., 2020; D'Cruz et al., 2020). Given the importance of the early diagnosis in containing COVID-19 outbreak (Peck, 2020), the need for a rapid and scalable RT-qPCR setup is imminent. Unfortunately, there are increasing shortages of a wide variety of reagents necessary to scale RT-qPCR-based tests (Pettit et al., 2020). The main manufacturers of PCR platforms cannot scale-up the production of tests in sufficient quantities to supply resource-poor settings. Even were resource-poor settings to attempt to develop their own solutions, researchers, clinicians, and public health officials often lack the necessary reagents, including enzymes, to develop testing programs (Kavanagh et al., 2020).

Herein, we layout protocols for dye-based and TaqMan probe-based RT-qPCR assays for CDC-designed SARS-CoV-2 N gene tests (https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download). We detail a one-enzyme RTX-based RT-qPCR protocol, as well as a two-enzyme RTX/Taq DNA polymerase-based RT-qPCR protocol. While the dye-based one enzyme and the TaqMan probe-based two enzyme RT-qPCR both exhibit comparable performances in the detection of viral RNA, the TaqMan probe-based assay exhibited lower background. In these, we compare our RTX enzyme preparations, for which we provide a detailed purification protocol, with commercially available reagents.

Our RTX-mediated protocols are as sensitive as those that rely on enzyme combinations or commercial enzymes, and can expedite SARS-CoV-2 tests by reducing the number of kits or key enzymes that must be purchased. These protocols can also form the basis for further assay simplification and democratization via the use of so-called ‘cellular reagents’: polymerase-overexpressing cells that can be directly added to molecular diagnostics assays without loss of sensitivity or specificity (Bhadra et al., 2018).

Materials and Reagents

1. For RTX polymerase-based RT-qPCR analysis

   1. Barrier tips for pipets

   2. Tris-HCl pH7.5 and 8.0 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T1503 )

   3. (NH4)2SO4 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: A4413 )

   4. KCl (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P3911 )

   5. MgSO4 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M7506 )

   6. D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 47829 )

   7. 1% Triton® X-100 (New England Biolabs, B9004S ), store at -20 °C

   8. Forward PCR primers (Integrated DNA Technologies, Table 1) (Note a), store at -20 °C, 100 µM Stock

   9. Reverse PCR primers (Integrated DNA Technologies, Table 1) (Note a), store at -20 °C, 100 µM Stock

   10. TaqMan probes (Integrated DNA Technologies, Table 1) (Note a), store at -20 °C

   11. 20x EvaGreen solution (Biotium, #31000), store at 4 °C

   12. 4 mM deoxyribonucleotides (dNTP) (New England Biolabs, N0446S ), store at -20 °C

   13. 5 M Betaine (Sigma-Aldrich, B0300 ), store at 4 °C

   14. 20 U/µl SUPERase·In RNase Inhibitor (Thermo Fisher Scientific, AM2694 ), store at -20 °C

   15. 5 U/µl Taq DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, M0267L ), store at -20 °C

   16. 0.2 mg/ml RTX polymerase (Note b) (purified by Ellington lab), store at -20 °C

   17. Nuclease-free water (store at room temperature)

   18. qPCR tubes or plates with optical covers(Note c) (Roche, 04729692001 ), store at room temperature

   19. Cold-block or ice

   20. 10x RTX buffer (see Recipes)

   21. 10x ThermoPol buffer (see Recipes)

   Notes:

   1. Individual primer and probe stocks or pre-made primer-probe mixes for the CDC N1, N2, and N3 assays (Table 1) available from Integrated DNA Technologies may be used.

   2. RTX polymerase with proofreading capability (RTX), and RTX polymerase without proofreading capability (RTX Exo-) have been compared.

   3. LightCycler 96 real-time PCR machine and 96-well plates with optical plastic film cover designed for use with LightCycler platform were used for these experiments.

      Table 1. CDC TaqMan RT-qPCR primers and probes for SARS-CoV-2a
      

      

      aPrimer and probe sequences adapted from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/rt-pcr-panel-primer-probes.html; last accessed on May 6th, 2020. According to the CDC, oligonucleotide sequences are subject to future changes as the 2019-Novel Coronavirus evolves. Refer to the CDC website for the latest updates.

      bFAM: 6-carboxyfluorescein; BHQ-1: Black Hole Quencher 1

      
      

2. For purification of RTX DNA polymerase

   1. Sterile culture tubes and flasks

   2. Centrifugation tubes (Nalgene, catalog number: 3115-0050 )

   3. Sterile syringe filter 0.2 µm (PES, VWR, catalog number: 28145-501 )

   4. RTX or RTX Exo- polymerase expression plasmid (Addgene, Plasmid #102787 and #102786 )

   5. Competent E. coli T7 RNA polymerase-based protein expression strain, such as BL21 (DE3) (New England Biolabs, C2527H ), store at -80 °C

   6. Antibiotics such as ampicillin or carbenicillin (Goldbio, catalog number: 4800-94-6 )

   7. Superior BrothTM (Athena Enzyme SystemsTM , catalog number: 0105 ), store at room temperature

   8. 1 M Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) (Sigma Aldrich), store at -20 °C

   9. Ni-NTA agarose (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 88223 ), store at 4 °C

   10. Disposable protein purification columns (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 29924 )

   11. 20,000 MWCO Dialysis cassette (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 66012 )

   12. HiTrapTM Heparin HP column (GE Healthcare, catalog number: 17-0406-01 )

   13. Bis-Tris mini protein gel (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: NP0321BOX )

   14. EDTA-free protease inhibitor tablet (Thermo Scientific, catalog number: A32965 )

       
       

   Note: All chemicals were molecular biology or analytical grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (see below for catalog number) unless otherwise indicated.

   1. NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: S7653 )

   2. Imidazole (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: I5513 )

   3. Igepal CO-630 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 542334 )

   4. MgSO4 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: M7506 )

   5. HEW Lysozyme (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: L6876 )

   6. Tris (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: T1503 )

   7. DTT (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: D9779 )

   8. KCl (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P3911 )

   9. Tween-20 (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: P9416 )

   10. Purification buffers for RTX DNA polymerase purification, store at 4 °C (see Recipes)

       Resuspension Buffer

       Equilibration Buffer

       Lysis Buffer

       Wash Buffer

       Elution Buffer

       Heparin Buffer A

       Heparin Buffer B

   11. Dialysis buffers for dialysis of RTX DNA polymerase, store at 4 °C (see Recipes)

       Ni-NTA Dialysis Buffer

       Heparin Dialysis Buffer

       Final Dialysis Buffer

Equipment

1. Magnetic stir bar

2. Magnetic stirrer

3. Real-time PCR machine

   Note: LightCycler96 real-time PCR machine from Roche was used for these experiments.

4. Refrigerated shaker incubator (New Brunswick Scientific, model: Innova44 )

5. Sonicator (Fisher Scientific, Sonic Dismembrator Model 500 )

6. Centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, model: Avanti JXN-26 , Fixed angle)

7. Thermomixer (Eppendorf, model: Thermomixer C )

8. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) machine (GE Healthcare, model: AKTA pure )

9. Fraction collector (GE Healthcare, model: Fraction Collector F9-R )

Software

1. LightCycler96 software (Roche; available for download from https://lifescience.roche.com/en_us/brands/realtime-pcr-overview.html#software)

Procedure

1. Dye-based RT-qPCR reaction set up using only RTX DNA polymerase

   1. Set up EvaGreen dye-containing RT-qPCR reactions for CDC SARS-CoV-2 N1, N2, and N3 assays as shown in Table 2. The three assays target three different regions within the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N) gene near the 3’-end of the ~30 kb viral genome. In particular, N1 primers (Table 1) amplify a 72 nt long region from position 28287 to 28358 of the genome (GenBank Accession No. MN985325.1). The N2 primers produce a 67 bp amplicon from the genomic position 29164 to 29230. Meanwhile, the N3 primers amplify a 72 nt long region from genomic position 28681 to 28752. RNA isolation should be performed before RT-qPCR.

      Table 2. EvaGreen RT-qPCR reaction mix using only RTX DNA polymerase
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      aFull length SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV N synthetic RNAs were used in these studies. The RNA copies per reaction (100 to 100,000 copies) are indicated in the relevant figures. Patient saliva is reported to have median SARS-CoV-2 viral loads of 3.3 × 106 copies/ml (To et al., 2020).

      
      

   2. Assemble all reaction mixes on a cold-block and directly transfer to a real-time PCR machine programmed to cycle through the steps depicted in Table 3. Include Melt curve analysis steps after qPCR amplification in order to distinguish target amplicons from spurious products.

      Table 3. RTX polymerase-based EvaGreen RT-qPCR cycling conditions
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      aAssay time may be reduced by shortening the reverse transcription step (step 1) to 15 min and the following denaturation step (step 2) to 2 min.

      bSignal acquisition occurs in the FAM (fluorescein) channel during steps 4 and 7.

      c20 measurements/°C temperature change

      
      

2. RTX polymerase-based TaqMan RT-qPCR reaction set up

   1. In order to perform TaqMan RT-qPCR we developed a one-pot two enzyme system comprising RTX and Taq DNA polymerases. Set up RTX-based TaqMan RT-qPCR reactions for CDC SARS-CoV-2 N1, N2, and N3 assays as shown in Table 4.

   2. Assemble all reaction mixes on a cold-block and directly transfer to a real-time PCR machine programmed to cycle through the steps depicted in Table 5.

      Table 4. RTX polymerase-based TaqMan RT-qPCR reaction mix
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      aAssay buffer: Duplicate TaqMan RT-qPCR reactions were performed either in 1x ThermoPol buffer or in 1x RTX buffer as indicated to determine optimum buffer conditions.

      bControl reactions lacking RTX polymerase were set up using the same recipe except RTX was replaced with water.

      Table 5. RTX polymerase-based TaqMan RT-qPCR cycling conditions
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      aAssay time may be reduced by shortening the reverse transcription step (step 1) to 15 min and the following denaturation step (step 2) to 2 min without compromising results.

      bSignal acquisition occurs in the FAM (fluorescein) channel during step 4.

      
      

3. SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR using commercial TaqPathTM 1-Step RT-qPCR Master Mix, CG

   1. To perform CDC N1, N2, and N3 SARS-CoV-2 TaqMan RT-qPCR assays using commercial assay master mix, set up reactions using TaqPathTM 1-Step RT-qPCR Master Mix, CG (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) as shown in Table 6.

   2. Assemble all reactions on a cold-block and then incubate at room temperature (25 °C) for 2 min prior to cycling on a real-time PCR machine using the steps indicated in Table 7.

      Table 6. CDC N1, N2, N3 TaqMan RT-qPCR set up using commercial RT-qPCR master mix
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      Table 7. TaqPathTM TaqMan RT-qPCR cycling conditions
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      aSignal acquisition occurs in the FAM (fluorescein) channel during step 4.

      
      

4. Purification of RTX

   1. Transform a T7-based E. coli expression strain, such as BL21(DE3), with a RTX expression plasmid that contains a carboxyl terminal six histidine tag for purification.

   2. On the next day, pick an individual transformant colony and inoculate it into desired sterile media (10.Superior BrothTM) with appropriate antibiotics (e.g., Carbenicillin or Ampicillin 100 µg/ml) and 1-2% glucose Grow this starter culture overnight in shaking incubator at 37 °C.

   3. On day three, inoculate 1 L sterile Superior BrothTM (Athena Enzyme SystemsTM) or other rich media with appropriate antibiotics (e.g., Carbenicillin or Ampicillin 100 µg/ml) in a 4 L Erlenmeyer flask with 250-350 μl of the overnight starter culture. Incubate at 37 °C, 220-250 rpm until the culture reaches OD600 of 0.4-0.7 (0.5-0.6 is ideal).

   4. When the desired OD600 is reached, place flask(s) in 4 °C cold room for 30-45 min and set shaking incubator to 18 °C. Following cold incubation, induce expression of RTX by adding 1 ml of 1 M IPTG to each 1 L of culture. Place flask(s) in the 18 °C shaking incubator for 16-18 h.

   5. Following overnight expression, harvest cells by centrifuging cultures at 4 °C, 5,000 x g for 20 min.

   6. On the ice, resuspend cell pellet in 30 ml cold Lysis Buffer. Transfer the resuspended cell pellet to a small 50 ml beaker with a clean stir bar and place securely in an ice bath. With moderate stirring, sonicate the sample using 40% amplitude and 1 s ON/4 s OFF for 4 min total sonication time.

   7. Centrifuge the resulting lysate at 4 °C, 35,000 x g for 30 min. Carefully transfer the supernatant to a clean ultracentrifugation tube, shake in thermomixer at 400 rpm, 85 °C for 10 min, and then place on ice for 10 min.

   8. Centrifuge the heat-treated lysate at 4 °C, 35,000 x g for 30 min. Carefully transfer the supernatant to a clean tube and filter the clarified lysate using a 0.2 μm filter.

   9. Prepare Ni-NTA agarose columns with a final column volume (CV) of 1 ml using 10 ml PierceTM disposable columns. Equilibrate column with 20 CV Equilibration Buffer.

   10. Apply the clarified lysate from 1 L of expressed culture to a previously equilibrated column and collect the flow-through.

   11. Wash column with 20 CV Equilibration Buffer and collect the flow-through. Wash column with 5 CV Wash Buffer and collect flow-through.

   12. Elute RTX from a column with 5 ml Elution Buffer and transfer to a dialysis cassette with appropriate molecular weight cut-off. Dialyze eluate into 2 L of Ni-NTA Dialysis Buffer for 3-4 hours at 4 °C. Then dialyze eluate into a second 2 L of Ni-NTA Dialysis Buffer overnight at 4 °C.

   13. Pass the dialyzed eluate over an equilibrated 5 ml heparin column (HiTrapTM Heparin HP) and elute along a sodium chloride linear gradient (100 mM to 2 M NaCl) generated from Heparin buffer A and Heparin buffer B mixed by an FPLC machine. The peak corresponding to RTX or its variants could be expected between 40-60% Buffer B.

   14. Collect fraction tubes containing RTX peaks from the fraction collector. Pool the fractions and dialyze into 2 L Heparin Dialysis Buffer for 3-4 h. Then transfer dialysis cassettes into 2 L Final Dialysis Buffer overnight where it is expected that the protein sample volume will decrease significantly. Following the final dialysis, recover the protein sample and determine protein concentration before storing at -20 °C. The RTX stock is typically kept concentrated (5-10 mg/ml) in the Final Dialysis Buffer. If a lower concentration is required (e.g., 0.2 mg/ml working solution), Final Dialysis Buffer was used to dilute the RTX stock to the desired final concentration. An example of RTX purification is shown in Figure 7.

   15. A similar protocol should work for Taq and other thermostable DNA polymerases, but may require different dialysis and storage buffers.

Data analysis

Analyze RT-qPCR data using LightCycler96 software.

Example data for dye-based RTX-only RT-qPCR

Representative results of SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR tests performed using synthetic RNA templates and only RTX or RTX Exo- DNA polymerases are depicted in Figures 1 and 2. These results demonstrate that RTX DNA polymerase alone, with or without proofreading capability, can support dye-based RT-qPCR analyses. In our hands, the full-length RTX DNA polymerase was slightly better than the Exo- version, especially in the N3 assay.

Example data for RTX polymerase-based TaqMan RT-qPCR

Representative results of RTX polymerase-based SARS-CoV-2 TaqMan RT-qPCR tests performed using synthetic RNA templates are depicted in Figures 3 and 4. Both RTX and RTX Exo- when combined with Taq DNA polymerase are able to support one-pot TaqMan RT-qPCR assays for all three CDC SARS-CoV-2 assays. Under both buffer conditions tested, 1x ThermoPol versus 1x RTX buffer, RTX polymerase yielded more consistent amplification curves for all three CDC assays compared to RTX Exo- polymerase.

Example data for TaqPathTM TaqMan RT-qPCR

Figure 5 depicts typical results from CDC N1, N2, and N3 TaqMan qRT-PCR reactions performed using synthetic RNA and TaqPathTM commercial RT-qPCR mastermix.

The results with either a viral RT (in TaqPathTM commercial mastermix) or RTX are summarized in Figure 6. As can be seen, RTX-based TaqMan assays are of comparable sensitivity and specificity to the gold standard TaqPath assay. While all three RTX-based TaqMan assays performed in ThermoPol buffer consistently yielded Cq values, these were somewhat delayed compared to Cq values obtained with the commercial TaqPathTM Master Mix. In contrast, RTX-based TaqMan assays when executed in RTX buffer yielded Cq values that were closer to Cq values obtained with the commercial mastermix.

Notes

Overall, RTX performs well either as a single enzyme for RT-qPCR with intercalating dyes, such as EvaGreen, or as the RT component of a TaqMan based assay. At the lowest RNA concentrations examined (100 copies), the gold standard TaqPath assay generally gave a signal at a Cq value of ca. 32. The more robust full-length RTX on its own actually performed slightly better, with Cq values typically from 29-30 (although the N3 primer set gives a higher signal and higher background). When used as a substitute for a viral RT, RTX is slightly less sensitive overall, with Cq values typically from 32-35.

     By obtaining a RTX expression vector and purifying the thermostable reverse transcriptase it should prove possible to carry out RT-qPCR reactions with a sensitivity similar to that already observed for approved kits, with few or no false positive results. Plasmids and sequence information for 6xHis tagged RTX and RTX Exo- protein expression are available from Addgene (pET_RTX: https://www.addgene.org/102787/ and pET_RTX_(exo-): https://www.addgene.org/102786/), or can be obtained via https://reclone.org/.

Recipes

1. 10x RTX buffer

   600 mM Tris-HCl

   250 mM (NH4)2SO4

   100 mM KCl

   20 mM MgSO4

   pH 8.4, 25 °C

2. 10x ThermoPol buffer

   200 mM Tris-HCl

   100 mM (NH4)2SO4

   100 mM KCl

   20 mM MgSO4

   1% Triton® X-100

   pH 8.8, 25 °C

   
   

Buffers for RTX DNA polymerase purification

1. Resuspension Buffer

   50 mM Phosphate Buffer, pH 7.5

   300 mM NaCl

   20 mM imidazole

   0.1% Igepal CO-630 (non-toxic Non-idet P40 equivalent)

   5 mM MgSO4

2. Equilibration Buffer

   50 mM Phosphate Buffer, pH 7.5

   300 mM NaCl 20 mM imidazole

3. Lysis Buffer

   30 ml Resuspension Buffer

   1x EDTA-free protease inhibitor tablet

   30-60 mg HEW Lysozyme

4. Wash Buffer

   50 mM Phosphate Buffer, pH 7.5

   300 mM NaCl

   50 mM imidazole

5. Elution Buffer

   50 mM Phosphate Buffer, pH 7.5

   300 mM NaCl

   250 mM imidazole

6. Heparin Buffer A

   40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5

   100 mM NaCl

   0.1% Igepal CO-630 (non-toxic Non-idet P40 equivalent)

7. Heparin Buffer B

   40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5

   2 M NaCl

   0.1% Igepal CO-630 (non-toxic Non-idet P40 equivalent)

   
   

Buffers for dialysis of RTX DNA polymerase

1. Ni-NTA Dialysis Buffer (2 L x2)

   40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5

   100 mM NaCl

   10 mM beta-mercapto ethanol (BME) or 1 mM 1,4-Dithiothreitol (DTT)

   0.1% Igepal CO-630 (non-toxic Non-idet P40 equivalent)

2. Heparin Dialysis Buffer (2 L)

   50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0

   50 mM KCl

   0.1% Tween-20

   0.1% Igepal CO-630 (non-toxic Non-idet P40 equivalent)

3. Final Dialysis Buffer (1 L)

   50% Glycerol

   50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0

   50 mM KCl

   0.1% Tween-20

   0.1% Igepal CO-630 (non-toxic Non-idet P40 equivalent)

   1 mM DTT

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the extraordinary contributions of the Schoggins lab at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in making synthetic RNA available on short notice for these assays. We would like to acknowledge funding from the Promega Corporation (UTA18-000656), the National Institutes of Health (1R01EB027202-01A1), and the Welch Foundation (F-1654).

Competing interests

The Board of Regents of The University of Texas has licensed IP covering RTX to Promega Corporation.

References

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Copyright: © 2021 The Authors; exclusive licensee Bio-protocol LLC.

How to cite: Bhadra, S., Maranhao, A. C., Paik, I. and Ellington, A. D. (2021). A One-enzyme RT-qPCR Assay for SARS-CoV-2, and Procedures for Reagent Production. Bio-protocol 11(2): e3898. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.3898.